Top 100 Art Auctions | Auction Houses | Auctioneers

An AUCTION is a process of buying and selling goods or services by offering them up for bid, taking bids, and then selling the item to the highest bidder. In economic theory, an auction may refer to any mechanism or set of trading rules for exchange. The word "auction" is derived from the Latin augeo which means "I increase" or "I augment". For most of history, auctions have been a relatively uncommon way to negotiate the exchange of goods and commodities. In practice, both haggling and sale by set-price have been significantly more common. Indeed, prior to the seventeenth century the few auctions that were held were sporadic and infrequent.

During the Roman Empire, following military victory, Roman soldiers would often drive a spear into the ground around which the spoils of war were left, to be auctioned off. Later slaves, often captured as the "spoils of war", were auctioned in the forum under the sign of the spear, with the proceeds of sale going towards the war effort. The Romans also used auctions to liquidate the assets of debtors whose property had been confiscated. For example, Marcus Aurelius sold household furniture to pay off debts, the sales lasting for months. One of the most significant historical auctions occurred in the year 193 A.D. when the entire Roman Empire was put on the auction block by the Praetorian Guard. On March 23 The Praetorian Guard first killed emperor Pertinax, then offered the empire to the highest bidder. Didius Julianus outbid everyone else for the price of 6,250 drachmas per Guard, an act that initiated a brief civil war. Didius was then beheaded two months later when Septimius Severus conquered Rome.

From the end of the Roman Empire to the eighteenth century auctions lost favor in Europe, while they had never been widespread in Asia. In some parts of England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries auction by candle was used for the sale of goods and leaseholds. This auction began by lighting a candle after which bids were offered in ascending order until the candle spluttered out. The high bid at the time the candle extinguished itself won the auction.

The oldest auction house in the world is Stockholm Auction House (Stockholms Auktionsverk). It was established in Sweden in 1674. During the end of the 18th century, soon after the French Revolution, auctions came to be held in taverns and coffeehouses to sell art. Such auctions were held daily, and catalogs were printed to announce available items. Such Auction catalogs are frequently printed and distributed before auctions of rare or collectible items. In some cases these catalogs were elaborate works of art themselves, containing considerable detail about the items being auctioned. Sotheby's, now the world's second-largest auction house, held its first auction in 1744. Christie's, now the world's largest auction house, was established around 1766. Other early auction houses that are still in operation include Dorotheum (1707), Bonhams (1793), Phillips de Pury & Company (1796), Freeman's (1805) and Lyon & Turnbull (1826). In 2008, the National Auctioneers Association reported that the gross revenue of the auction industry for that year was approximately $268.4 billion, with the fastest growing sectors being agricultural, machinery, and equipment auctions and residential real estate auctions.

Auctions & Auction House News, Reviews & Resources

• $1B feud involving Leonardo's 'Salvator Mundi' reveals dark side of the art world - "It is the biggest legal fight the art world has ever witnessed: a Russian oligarch, who claims he was ripped off buying multi-million-dollar masterpieces, versus a Swiss art dealer who says it was just business."
• 5 best Auction Houses in the World - "Art collectors and luxury seekers know all about auction houses. Even in the age of Amazon and online shopping. Here are the top auction houses."
• 5 ways to spot a fake masterpiece - "The recent discovery of an art forger's workshop reminds us of the long history of fraudulent artworks - here are the simple rules to work them out."
• 8 artworks make us question value of art - "When Maurizio Cattelan taped a banana to a wall and priced it at $120,000, he sparked an age-old debate about what constitutes art."
• 11 most expensive cars sold at auction in 2016 - Wired.
• 15 Most Expensive Artworks Sold at Auction Around the World in March 2022 - "Surrealism dominated the top and bottom of our list this month." Artnet News.
• $26M Cimabue masterpiece found in a kitchen. Now France is blocking its export - "France has blocked the export of a long-lost Italian masterpiece, which was found in an elderly woman's kitchen and sold for almost 24.2 million Euros ($26.8 million) at auction earlier this year."
• 50 Most Important Watches Ever - "From design landmarks to technical firsts to models that invented a whole new category, these watches have had a substantial impact on watchmaking."
• 100 Louis Vuitton Trunks Are Heading to Auction - "One intense collector has amassed the largest private collection of Louis Vuitton trunks, now they're headed to auction. Christie's is auctioning off more than 100 Louis Vuitton trunks, with a high estimate of $2.3 million for the entire collection."
• $300 Million Watch Collection - "Patrick Getreide amassed the one-of-a-kind OAK Collection over five decades. Now the French entrepreneur believes the time is right to sell 142 of his rare treasures at Christie’s this month."
• $600-million art collection coming to market following high-profile divorce - "Nearly three years after the high-profile divorce proceedings of New York real estate developer Harry Macklowe and his wife, Linda, a large portion of their eye-popping billion-dollar art collection is coming to market."
• 1939 Mercedes-Benz, hidden from the Nazis and smuggled out of Soviet Russia, sells for £5.4m - The Telegraph.
• 2015 Top 200 Collectors - ARTNews.
• A 1962, near-mint copy of 'The Incredible Hulk' comic sells for record price - "The comic, in which the Hulk appears in his original grey, not his signature green, sold for $490,000 at auction. It's the most expensive copy of the first Hulk story ever sold."
• A Cautionary Tale of the World’s Superrich Blowing Millions on Art - Bloomberg.
• A tycoon collector forbade anyone from selling his coins for 100 years. A century on, the first set just fetched $16.5M - "Following the death of the Danish butter magnate Lars Emil Bruun in 1923, his will had a curious order: His vast accumulation of coins, notes and medals, amassed over more than six decades, should be held as an emergency reserve for Denmark’s national collection in case it were ever destroyed. On Tuesday, just under a year since the 100-year-old order expired, the first set of coins from Bruun’s personal 20,000-piece collection went up for auction in Copenhagen. After nearly eight hours of bidding, the opening 286 lots sold for a combined 14.82 million euros ($16.5 million)."
• Al Capone at auction - in pictures - "Guns once owned by Al Capone, one of the most notorious gangsters in United States history, are among 174 lots to go under the hammer this week at a California auction, A Century of Notoriety: the Estate of Al Capone. Auctioneers are billing the sale as ‘one of the most important celebrity auctions in history’."
• Al Capone's favorite gun, personal items head to auction - "Al Capone is infamous for having been a ruthless mob boss, but one of his granddaughters says Capone's softer side will shine through when the family auctions some of his personal belongings in October."
• An Elderly Couple Sold a ‘Worthless’ African Mask for $157. Now They Are Suing the Buyer Who Auctioned It for $4.4 Million - "The couple has accused a local antiques dealer of cheating them out of a fair price for the rare object. The case has already gone through several stages. The antiques dealer initially offered to settle out of court by paying the couple €300,000, or about $315,000, for the mask but they were not able to reach an agreement because of the opposition of the couple’s children, according to court documents. Though the case remains open, the appeals court has re-ordered the seizure of the proceeds of the sale, which amounts to €3.1 million, after deduction of costs and capital gains tax - until a judgement is made."
• Angelina Jolie sells Winston Churchill painting for record £7m - "The sale price was almost four times the top pre-sale estimate and beat the previous record for a Churchill painting, which was just under £1.8m. The Tower Of The Koutoubia Mosque, painted in Marrakesh during World War Two, was sold to an anonymous buyer."
• ARCA – Association for Research into Crimes against Art - since 2008. Research and outreach organization which works to promote the study and research of art crime and cultural heritage protection.
• Are things only worth what people will pay? - "Auctions seem to be almost as common as the marketplace itself. You can imagine the idea being endlessly rediscovered around the world, whenever some trader offered to pay three obols per jar for a shipment of olive oil and the man next to him said: 'Don't take that offer - I'll pay four'. From such simple moments evolved the theatrical event we call the 'open outcry' auction."
• Art+Auction - since 1979. Monthly art magazine published in New York City by Louise Blouin Media. It was started in 1979, and has a circulation of about 20,000 copies.
• ART AUCTION - Wikipedia.
• Art auction fetches $922 million for high-profile divorce settlement - "More than three years after the high-profile divorce proceedings of New York real estate developer Harry Macklowe and his wife, Linda, their art collection has become the most expensive to ever sell at auction, raking in $922.2 million over the course of two different sales."
• Art auction fetches over $676M for high-profile divorce settlement - "Nearly three years after the high-profile divorce proceedings of New York real estate developer Harry Macklowe and his wife, Linda, a portion of their art collection has smashed estimates to sell for over $676 million. An initial batch of 35 artworks went under the hammer Monday, including pieces by Pablo Picasso, Andy Warhol and Cy Twombly. A work by abstract painter Mark Rothko fetched $82.5 million while Jackson Pollock's Number 17, 1951 sold for over $61 million to set a new record for the artist's work."
• ART AUCTION HOUSES & ONLINE ART AUCTIONS - Art-Collecting.
• Art Auctions: See the Top Ten Lots Sold in Every Major Category - "The Best-Seller List: From Ultra-Contemporary to Old Masters, here's what made the cut."
• Art Basel & UBS Global Art Market Report 2017 - "Art Basel and UBS present The Art Market, an annual global art market analysis. The Art Market covers all aspects of the international market and highlights the most important developments in the previous year."
• art detective who hunts stolen Picassos & lost Matisses - "Christopher Marinello has spent three decades finding missing masterpieces, recovering half a billion dollars’ worth of art. He talks about threats from mobsters, tricky negotiations - and bungling thieves."
• Art explained: How do art auctions really work? - "This is what really happens at auctions".
• ART LOSS REGISTER | ALR - evolving, computerized international database which captures information about lost and stolen art, antiques and collectables.
• Art Market's Most Bankable Artists - "Meet the artists defying the downturn: From David Hockney to Yoshitomo Nara, here are the artists that have performed best at auction in the last year."
• ART THEFT - Wikipedia.
• Artive - "For the protection and preservation of the world's cultural heritage through the use of technology." Artive manages the world’s most technologically advanced database with integrated image recognition database and over 500 fields of searchable data.
• ARTNET - "The Art World Online." Artnet is the place to buy, sell and research fine art online. Our online Gallery Network is the largest of its kind, with over 2,200 galleries in over 250 cities worldwide, more than 166,000 artworks by over 39,000 artists from around the globe.
• As Art Sales Fall, Auction Houses Pivot to Luxury - "With both supply and demand for big-ticket art in a slump, Sotheby’s and Christie’s are making major bets on selling handbags, classic cars and niche experiences."
• ASK ART - "The Artists' Bluebook". Instant information. Art. Artists. Prices.
• At Art Fraud Trial, Sotheby's Is Pressed on Role in Sales to Russian Oligarch - "The auction house is accused of helping an art dealer who the oligarch says defrauded him in several sales. A Sotheby's specialist involved in some of the transactions defended his conduct."
• AUCTION - Wikipedia.
• Auction bids are topping $57,000 for a rare $20 banknote with Del Monte sticker on it - "How can a $20 bill be worth over $57,000? Because of a printing mishap."
• AUCTION HOUSES - "This category has the following 19 subcategories, out of 19 total." Wikipedia.
• AUCTION HOUSES OF USA
• BEST ART AUCTION HOUSES
• Bidding on the Ritz: Paris hotel auctions furniture - in pictures - The Guardian.
• Bonhams: The Making of The Crown - "Want to Live Like a Queen? This 'Crown' Auction Can Help. Bonhams is selling hundreds of costumes and props from 'The Crown,' including a horse-drawn carriage, robes of state and the queen's bed."
• Catch a Rising Star at the Auction House - "No longer does museum validation or scholarly attention determine a painting’s value. Now, the collectors’ hunger comes first, and institutions must follow."
• Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1933-1945 - The Central Registry fulfils Washington Principle V1 on the setting up of a central repository of information on Nazi looting and contemporary efforts to research and resolve all outstanding issues. It is a charitable body operating under the auspices of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, an independent unit of the University of Oxford.
• chandelier bidding - a phantom bid, acknowledged by an auctioneer who often pretends to see someone raise a paddle in the back of the room, pushing up the price in an effort to stimulate interest in a lot.
• Chinese vase sells for 10,000 times estimated price - The Telegraph.
• Chinese vase valued below $2,000 sells for nearly $9 million after bidding frenzy - "The blue-and-white Tianqiuping vase went under the hammer at the Osenat auction house in Fontainebleau, near Paris, on Saturday, and achieved a final price of €9.121 million including fees, according to the company website."
• Christie’s auctions 'first digital-only artwork' for $70m - "Digital collage by Beeple was offered with a non-fungible token to guarantee authenticity and paid for in cryptocurrency."
• Christie’s Has Art World’s First $1 Billion Week - The New York Times.
• Christie’s will auction AI-generated art for the first time - "It’s a portrait created with a type of algorithm."
• collection of peggy & david rockefeller auction - Christie's.
• COMMISSION FOR LOOTED ART IN EUROPE - founded in 1999. An international, expert and non-profit representative body which researches, identifies and recovers looted property on behalf of families, communities, institutions and governments worldwide.
• Cryptocurrency diamond sale sets new auction record - "Mystery buyer spends $12.3M on a 101-carat diamond -- and pays in cryptocurrency."
• Culture and jihad, grimly connected through the art market's “blood antiquities” - The Economist.
• David Hockney's pool painting set to sell for record amount for a living artist - "Christie’s estimates Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) could fetch $80m."
• Del Monte $20 bill set to sell for nearly $60,000 - barring banana skins - "Rare printing error - or creative addition by bored employee - makes 2004 banknote a collector’s item, auctioneer says."
• Elon Musk sells off even more Twitter collectibles as part of rebranding auction including famous blue bird logo - "Items including oil painting of Ellen DeGeneres' Oscars selfie will be available. Bidding for all items will start at $25 following Musk's controversial rebrand to X. Musk's latest auction will last two days, beginning on Tuesday September 12."
• ERR | EINSATZSTAB REICHSLEITER ROSENBERG PROJECT - the database documents the plundered art objects that came into the hands of the ERR | Einstatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg in German-occupied France and Belgium which were processed through the Jeu de Paume between late 1940 and August 1944.
• Einstein atomic bomb letter to go up for auction - "A letter from Albert Einstein, which encouraged the US to develop the world's first nuclear bombs, is to go up for auction."
• FBI | Federal Bureau of Investigation - Art Theft.
• FINE ART AUCTION HOUSES - askART.
• First penny black stamp could fetch up to £6m at auction - "Launched in 1840, Sotheby’s says the stamp ‘is the most important piece of philatelic history to exist’."
• Forgers & fraudsters trusted him for decades - but he was an undercover FBI art detective - "Winning the trust of convicted burglar Jerry Christy was the kind of challenge undercover FBI investigator Ronnie Walker had spent years preparing for. A founding member of the bureau’s specialist Art Crime Team, the Oregon-based agent was well-versed in art history - and trained to pose as a would-be buyer, authenticator or dealer of stolen works."
• Frank Sinatra: personal items including engagement ring to be auctioned - "The collection, expected to fetch at least $3.5m, also features a Norman Rockwell painting and trinkets from former presidents."
• GÉza von Habsburg - (born 14 November 1940) is a Fabergé expert who has published books and articles on the jewellers Peter Carl Fabergé and Victor Mayer. He is the curator of several major international Fabergé exhibitions. Géza von Habsburg coined the term Fauxbergé. As a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, he holds the abolished but courtesy titles of Archduke of Austria, Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, with the style of Imperial and Royal Highness.
• Gold 'Viagra' ring & first Playboy issue sold in Hefner auction - "Playboy founder Hugh Hefner's cufflinks from Hugh Hefner collection going up for sale as part of an auction of his belongings is seen in this image released by Julien's Auctions in Culver City, California, U.S.A."
• Hagi Top Index - overall market measure for exceptional historic automobiles designed to measure the rare collector's automobile market, ranging from pre-war to the new millenium.
• Have Art Auctions Become ‘Must-See TV’? - "Teleprompter! Makeup! Auction houses no longer play exclusively to the art world as viewers flock to YouTube, Instagram and TikTok to see how the one percent spends. The big three auction houses have since hired production companies and added more channels, transforming these events into what Stewart of Sotheby's calls 'must-see TV,' borrowing the famous advertising slogan from NBC."
• He Sold the World’s Most Expensive Artwork. Now He’s Calling It a Day - "The Christie’s president Jussi Pylkkänen, who held the hammer for the auction house’s biggest sales, is leaving after nearly 40 years. Much changed in that time."
• Hemingway, Jack London & Unabomber Typewriters Go to auction - "You Can Buy Hemingway’s Typewriter. But Would You Use It? Coming to auction is a clattering collection of machines once owned by the likes of Ernest Hemingway, Shirley Temple, Andy Rooney and ... the Unabomber."
• Her Super rich clients trust her with millions of dollars - "The people making million-dollar art deals for the super rich."
• Holy Grail Cars? Get Them While They Last - "There are only a few that are considered the top of the collector world. The McLaren F1 may be the last of them."
• HÔtel Lambert, Une Collection PrinciÈre - Discover the thrilling series of Hôtel Lambert sales at Sotheby's. Paris | 11-14 October 2022.
• How a prolific forger fooled the art world - "The prolific forger whose fake 'Old Masters' fooled the art world. Eric Hebborn, who died in 1996, is widely considered to be the greatest art forger of modern times. By his own estimate, he created over 1,000 forgeries."
• How Are Auction Houses Preparing For A Potential Economic Downturn? - "A panel of auction-world and watch-industry experts respond - and try to forecast what might happen next."
• How Debbie Reynolds amassed a priceless Hollywood memorabilia collection - then lost it - The Telegraph.
• How do art auctions really work? - "From the lead up to the sale to the moment the hammer comes down, former CEO of Christie's and art adviser Steven Murphy explains what happens at an auction."
• How offshore firm helped billionaire change the art world for ever - The Guardian.
• How to run a silent auction - "Silent auctions are auctions held without an auctioneer. People place their bids on sheets of paper instead. They're often used by charities to raise money, but they can be tricky to put together. With good planning, however, it's easy to set up an auction and get the most out of your items. Soon enough, you'll have raised a good amount of money in just a few hours!"
• How to spot a fake Rolex: 3 dead giveaways - "Don't get duped by a fake."
• IARTBROKER - "iartbroker is an exciting way of doing business online for the art market. The aim of the site is simply to match buyers and sellers by using sophisticated software, technology and the power of the world wide web."
• ID-Art mobile app - Interpol - "Our first-ever app, called ID-Art, uses cutting-edge image-recognition software to help identify stolen cultural property, reduce illicit trafficking, and increase the chances of recovering stolen items."
• Inside the secretive world of luxury authentication - "Luxury resale platforms and brands are improving their authentication processes in response to more sophisticated counterfeits."
• JamesEdition.com - since 2008. "The World's Largest Luxury Marketplace." Featuring more than 100,000 private jets, yachts, exotic cars, exclusive watches and luxury homes from more than 3,600 trusted dealers around the world. JamesEdition helps you find the best of the best, whether you are in the market to buy or to find the perfect private jet or luxury yacht to charter.
• John L. Marion - American auctioneer and philanthropist. He served as the Chairman of Sotheby's from 1975 to 1994. He started his career as an auctioneer at Sotheby's in 1960. He became president in 1972 and Chairman in 1975. During the course of his career, he oversaw the sale of Irises by Vincent van Gogh for US$53.9 million, Yo Picasso for US$47.9 million and Au Lapin Agile for US$40.7 million (both of which by Pablo Picasso), as well as Interchange by Willem de Kooning for US$20.7 million, and False Start for US$17 million and Two Flags US$12.1 million (both of which are by Jasper Johns).
• LISTING OF INTERNATIONAL AUCTION HOUSES A-Z
• lootedart.com - Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1933-1945.
• Lost Art Internet Database - since 1994. Run by the Koordinierungsstelle Magdeburg, Germany’s central office for the documentation of lost cultural property and registers cultural objects which as a result of persecution under the Nazi dictatorship and the Second World War were relocated, moved or seized, especially from Jewish owners.
• Lost, stolen, blown up & fed to pigs: the greatest missing masterpieces - The Guardian.
• Luxury Investments Around the World Compared - infographic - "Do you enjoy the finer things in life? For many of the world’s wealthy individuals, acquiring luxury goods such as art, fine wine, and watches is a passion. Unlike traditional investments in financial assets, luxury goods can be difficult to value if one does not have an appreciation for their form. A rare painting, for example, does not generate cash flows, meaning its value is truly in the eye of the beholder. To gain some insight into the market for luxury goods, this infographic takes data from Knight Frank’s 2021 Wealth Report to compare the preferences of nine global regions."
• Making history's highest auction bid - "The man on the phone: What's it like making history's highest auction bid?"
• Marie Antoinette Chair Sells for a Record US$2.8 Million - "A royal chair created for the boudoir of Marie Antoinette achieved €2.6 million (US$2.8 million) Thursday evening at Sotheby’s in Paris, setting a record for a single 18th-century chair."
• Marie Antoinette’s furniture up for auction in Paris - "Two pieces of furniture formerly owned by France’s Queen Marie Antoinette are set to go to auction on November 22 at Christie’s in Paris. The 250-year-old chest of drawers and chair are estimated to be worth 800,000 to 1.2 million euros ($832,000-1.25 million) and 100,000 to 200,000 euros ($104,000-208,000) respectively."
• Microsoft co-founder’s collection poised to raise $1bn in ‘largest art auction in history’ - "Proceeds from sale of 150 works owned by the late billionaire Paul Allen will go to charity."
• Millennials are changing the auction market - "To attract young collectors, auction houses tap rock stars, sneakerheads and a Spice Girl."
• Modigliani sets world record with estimate in excess of $150m - The Guardian.
• Mona Lisa for $60K? The curious market for Old Masters replicas - "To an untrained eye, the 'Mona Lisa' up for auction at Sotheby's next week is indistinguishable from its namesake hanging in the Louvre."
• Napoleon’s Hat Up For Auction In London - "Antique Bicorne Bearing The Emperor’s DNA Could Fetch Up To $2 Million."
• New York City Eliminates the Rules That Govern Art & Other Auctions - "Auction houses like Sotheby’s and Christie’s will no longer need to be licensed as part of a sweeping package designed to promote a business-friendly climate."
• NFT, explained - The Verge.
• NFT News - "NFTs are seemingly everywhere - and now they're all right here."
• Nicholas Rayner - (1938-2017). Was a British Army officer with the 11th Hussars and later jewellery expert and auctioneer. In 1965 he briefly held the record for the Cresta run. He was head of Sotheby's Geneva office and received international publicity when he sold the Duchess of Windsor's jewellery collection there in 1987.
• non-fungible token (NFT) - special type of cryptographic token which represents something unique; NFTs are thus not mutually interchangeable.This is in contrast to cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, and many network or utility tokens, that are fungible in nature. Art was an early use case for NFTs, and blockchain in general, because of the ability of NFTs to provide proof of authenticity and ownership of digital art, a medium that designed for ease of mass reproduction, and unauthorized distribution through the Internet.
• One of the last privately owned Botticelli portraits has sold for over $92 million - "The 15th-century painting 'Young Man Holding a Roundel' became the most expensive work by the Renaissance artist ever to appear at auction, and the most valuable Old Masters work ever sold at Sotheby's, the auction house announced."
• Open outcry - in an open outcry auction, bids and offers must be made out in the open market, giving all participants a chance to compete for the order with the best price.
• Paul Allen: Largest art auction ever to sell Microsoft co-founder's $1bn collection - "An estimated $1bn worth of art belonging to the late Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen will be sold at the largest art auction in history. The collection includes masterpieces by Botticelli, Renoir, David Hockney and Roy Lichtenstein. Christie's auction house said proceeds of the November sale would be given to charity, as Mr Allen wished."
• Peter Batkin - (1953-2018). Was an English auctioneer known for his activities in Russia. He sold the book collection of the spy Kim Philby and was instrumental in the creation of the space memorabilia auction market.
• Peter Wilson: The man who invented modern auctioneering - (1913-1984). "The first jet set auctioneer." Buccaneering, brilliant, art-loving—he created the power of Sotheby’s (and Christie’s learned by imitation).
• Purchasing Fine Art Is Increasingly Just a Click Away - The New York Times.
• Rare original copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio sells for £2m - "400-year-old edition of playwright’s first collected book of plays including Macbeth and Twelfth Night auctioned at Sotheby’s."
• Rembrandt self-portrait breaks record at virtual auction - "A self-portrait by Rembrandt sold for $18.7 million at a Sotheby's virtual auction, breaking the record price for a self-portrait by the Dutch master."
• Reserve price - a reservation (or reserve) price is a limit on the price of a good or a service. On the demand side, it is the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay; on the supply side, it is the lowest price at which a seller is willing to sell a good or service. Reservation prices are commonly used in auctions, but the concept is extended beyond.
• Rothko & Warhol among ‘legendary’ art collection being sold in divorce - "Further 30 works from Macklowe collection to be auctioned in New York in May after billionaire couple’s split."
• Russian billionaire loses Sotheby's art fraud lawsuit involving ‘Salvator Mundi’ - "A federal jury on Tuesday ruled in favor of Sotheby's at a trial in which the Russian billionaire oligarch Dmitry Rybolovlev accused the auction house of defrauding him out of tens of millions of dollars in art sales."
• Silent auction - An auction where people write secret bids on a piece of paper, and whoever has the highest bid wins the item.
• Simon de Pury - (1951-). Swiss auctioneer, art dealer, curator, collector, dj and photographer. In 2002, he acquired the majority control of the auction house Phillips.
• Simon de Pury Steps Down from Helm of Phillips de Pury - "Just as the art world is disappearing for the holidays, Phillips de Pury & Company, the struggling boutique auction house, released an announcement that Simon de Pury - its chairman, principal auctioneer and the face of the company for the last 12 years - is stepping down. In a separate e-mail his wife, Michaela, who has been a senior director there, announced her departure too."
• Sotheby's bought by French billionaire for $3.7bn - "Sotheby's is being bought by telecoms billionaire Patrick Drahi in a deal valuing the auction house at $3.7bn."
• Sotheby’s, Christie’s & Phillips Take Different Paths to ‘Sold!’ - The New York Times.
• Sotheby's Institute of Art - since 1969. An institution of higher education devoted to the study of art and its markets with campuses in London (UK), New York City and Los Angeles (USA). The Institute offers full time accredited Master’s degrees as well as a range of postgraduate certificates, summer, semester and online courses, public programmes and executive education.
• SOTHEBY’S LAUNCHES ITS FIRST EVER NFT AUCTION WITH ANONYMOUS ARTIST PAK - "Last month, Sotheby’s announced plans to collaborate with the anonymous digital artist Pak for its first NFT sale. ‘The Fungible’ collection will go live on Nifty Gateway at 12pm EST today until April 14."
• Sotheby's wants AI to find your next art purchase - engadget.
• The Great Wealth Transfer Is Encouraging Older Collectors to Sell Off Their Art Collections - "Over the next quarter century, some $73 trillion dollars will be passed from America’s Boomer generation to its Gen X and Millennial children in what has been dubbed 'The Great Wealth Transfer.' About half of that figure will go to just the top 1.5 percent of households, aka America’s collecting class."
• The man on the phone - "What's it like making history's highest auction bid? In November 2017 at Christie's New York, Alex Rotter uttered a phrase never before heard at an art auction: 'Four hundred million.'"
• The Wallace Document. The World’s First Postage Stamp - "The Earliest Known Example of the 1840 Penny Black." Live Auction: 7 December 2021. Sotheby's London.
• The World's Most Expensive Stolen Paintings - YouTube 58:26. Art critic Alastair Sooke delves into the murky world of art theft. Despite the high stakes - and often daring - involved, many cases are shrouded in mystery and go unnoticed by the media.
• THEA WESTREICH ART ADVISORY SERVICES - professional consulting firm with expertise in Impressionist, Modern and Contemporary Art, and Photography.
• Third Place? In Auction World, Phillips Is Making Strides - The New York Times.
• This Ferrari GTO is the most valuable car ever auctioned. It sold for US$48 million - "A 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO sold for US$48.4 million at RM Sotheby's annual Monterey collector car sale - a world record for any car ever sold at auction."
• This is what really happens at auctions - "Art explained: How do art auctions really work?"
• Treasures from Rothschild family collection could fetch $30 million at unprecedented auction - "A vast collection of art, furniture, silver, ceramics, and jewelry long held in the private collection of the Rothschild banking dynasty is expected to sell for as much as $30 million over several auctions this fall at Christie’s New York."
• Treasures from Rothschild family collection fetch over $62 million at unprecedented auction - "A vast collection of art, furniture, silver, ceramics, and jewelry long held in the private collection of the Rothschild banking dynasty sold for more than $62.6 million over several auctions at Christie’s New York."
• Top 100 Most Collectible Living Artists 2015 - Artnet News.
• TOP 200 COLLECTORS - "Historically, building an art collection was a gradual process that took years, if not decades. When ARTnews began publishing its annual Top 200 Collectors list in 1990, the art world was at an inflection point for collecting. So when exactly is it that these buyers become collectors, and ones that merit inclusion in the Top 200? Read an introduction to the 34th edition of the list."
• UK AUCTION HOUSES
• Ukraine creates database of art linked to sanctions-hit Russians - "Corruption agency hopes portal will ‘make it difficult for Russian oligarchs to sell such assets’."
• UNIDROIT - Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (Rome, 1955).
• Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art - released on December 3, 1998. "In developing a consensus on non-binding principles to assist in resolving issues relating to Nazi-confiscated art, the Conference recognizes that among participating nations there are differing legal systems and that countries act within the context of their own laws."
• Watch given to captain who saved 700 Titanic passengers sells for £1.56m - "Amount paid at auction is highest ever for memorabilia related to ship that sank on its maiden voyage in 1912."
• WatchCharts Overall Market Index - "The WatchCharts Overall Market Index is an indicator of secondary watch market price trends. It is composed of 60 watches taken from the top 10 luxury watch brands, sorted and weighted by transaction value. The index shows the market price movement of this set of watches (in USD) over time, and is rebalanced once per year on January 1st."
• Who'll start the bidding? Learning the Ropes of Auctioneering - The New York Times.

Top 100 Art Auctions | Auction Houses | Auctioneers

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• Accademia Fine Art - Monaco Auction - since 1999. "Paintings, furniture, Asian art, porcelain, jewelry and watches can be seen beforehand at Accademia Fine Art on 27 Boulevard des Moulins, the auction will take place at the same address, over the phone and online." 27, Boulevard des Moulins, 98000 Monaco.
• ACKER AUCTIONS - "The world's destination for fine & rare wine." What began as a package store in 1820, today stands as the oldest and most respected wine shop in America, the largest global wine auction house, and the preeminent destination for fine wine worldwide. For its nearly 200-year history, Acker Merrall & Condit, now known simply as “Acker”, has been a true one-stop-shop for expert wine services in every form. Its culture is deeply rooted in customer service, upholding a commitment to the highest standards, applied across a vast array of amenities including a world-class wine club, fine wine retail inventory, a wine concierge service, advisement on wine as an investment, cellar consultations and appraisals, first-class wine education programs, bespoke events and tastings, corporate business services, and its crown jewel, global fine and rare wine auctions.
• Ader - "Maison de Ventes depuis 1692." 3 Rue Favart, 75002 Paris, France.
• AGUTTES - since 1974. The fourth largest French auction house and the first one to be independent, with no outside shareholders. Aguttes is positioned as the alternative to art market leaders in its 15 specialised departments: Asian painters, Old Masters Paintings & Drawings, Asian art, Russian Art, Classic Cars, Jewellery & Fine Pearls, Collector Watches, Rare Books & Manuscripts, Contemporary, Modern & Impressionist Art, Design, Furniture & Decorative Art, Wine & Spirits
• Alexander Historical Auctions - since 1991. "Alexander Historical Auctions LLC is a leading auctioneer of fine historic autographs, documents, and photographs, militaria from all conflicts, and important historical relics. Based in Chesapeake City, Maryland, we have been in continuous operation since 1991 providing superior service to consignors and bidders alike. Our much-anticipated live auctions are held up to eight times a year, with each sale averaging over 1,000+ lots. We are a “brick and mortar” auction house and are able to offer our clients the opportunity to participate live at our sales, via live telephone bidding, or electronically in real-time via multiple bidding platforms including invaluable.com and liveauctioneers.com." 98 Bohemia Ave., Suite 2, Chesapeake City, MD 21915, U.S.A.
• Amati - "Amati is a specialist online auction house for stringed musical instruments." Three types of auctions, ten auctions a year, and a great choice of instruments. Amati holds an auction of stringed musical instruments almost every month of the year. We have three distinct types of auction: Specialist Auctions, Amati Affordable Auctions, and Single Owner Auctions. Amati Online Auctions take place online. We use high quality photography for all our lots. The auctions last 12 days, and you can bid at any time. Bidding is particularly intense on the last day.
• AMERICAN AUCTIONEERS - founded in 1983. Riverside, CA, U.S.A. "California's #1 Auction Team!"
• ANTIQUORUM - established in Geneva in 1974. "The World’s Premier Auctioneers of Modern and Vintage Timepieces." Antiquorum has carved its own unparalleled niche in the auction world by cultivating a thriving collector’s market for timepieces worldwide and consistently obtains the highest prices for timepieces, auctions timepieces with exceptional provenance and rarity and has set many world records.
• ART GRAILS$ - since 2021. "ArtGrails is a highly anticipated standalone NFT (Non-Fungible Tokens) Platform founded by Celebrity Art Dealer and Manager, Avery Andon, in partnership with his brother / longtime client, Street Artist Alec Monopoly and veteran web developer Seth Lowell. Each release on ArtGrails is curated, with a focus on unique and iconic NFT 'grails'."
• ARTCURIAL - since 1974. International auctioneers. Offers more than 100 auction sales each year. Paris, France.
• Artemisia Auctions - 49, rue Laffitte, 75009 Paris, France. Sell or buy objets d'art and collectibles at the Hotel Drouot auction rooms with the guarantee of receiving professional, efficient service of the highest standard.
• ARTNET - since 1989. "Buy and Sell Contemporary and Modern Art." A modern way to collect contemporary art. Browse and bid on paintings, prints, photos, and more by the world's leading artists in curated online auctions. The Art World Online. Our online Gallery Network is the largest of its kind, with over 2,200 galleries in over 250 cities worldwide, more than 166,000 artworks by over 39,000 artists from around the globe.
• Artspace - since 2011. "Contemporary Art for Sale Online." Artspace is the digital marketplace for fine art and design. Learn about and buy artworks from the best artists, galleries and museums around the world. It is our mission to make it easy for you to discover and collect fine art from renowned artists, galleries, and cultural institutions worldwide.

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• BAINBRIDGES AUCTIONEERS - Ruislip, Middlesex, U.K.
• Barnebys - Stockholm, Sweden. "All auctions in one place." On Barnebys you will find everything you’re looking for in arts, antiques and collectibles. We gather auctions and art dealers from every corner of the world and make them accessible to everyone. It’s simple and it’s free.
• BARRETT-JACKSON - "Established in 1971 and headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona, Barrett-Jackson, The World's Greatest Collector Car Auctions, is the leader in collector car auctions and automotive lifestyle events."
• BEAUSSANT LEFÈVRE - Paris, France.
• Beijing Poly International Auction Company - since 2005. "Beijing Poly International Auction is a leading auction house in China. As a state -dominated shareholding company, founded in July 2005. Beijing Poly has a wide range of business including not only covering ancient paintings, modern paintings and calligraphies, antiques and ceramics, modern and contemporary arts, modern ink paintings, rare books and manuscripts, works of art, but also in clocks and jewels, Dzi bead, Tibetan Buddhism arts and wines and liquors, antiques of scientific instruments. Beijing Poly is the best auction house in China. Beijing Poly is capable of undertaking any sales event and endeavors to provide first class service in arts."
• Bidding For Good - since 2003. "Fundraising Auctions That Work For You." We provide a unique online auction platform, where nonprofits, schools, consumers and businesses converge to create dynamic and exciting fundraising events and ultimately, to raise more money for the causes we care so much about. With the help of over 8,000 customers and the 400,000+ shoppers in our Bidder Community, we have created a new category of shopping, Charitable Commerce.
• BILLIONAIRE XCHANGE - online luxury auctions.
• Binoche et Giquello - 5, rue la Boétie, Paris, France.
• BOND LIFESTYLE AUCTIONS - James Bond memorabilia, and more.
• BONHAMS - founded in 1793. "Bonhams is a privately owned British auction house and one of the world's oldest and largest auctioneers of fine art and antiques." The Bonhams name is recognised worldwide throughout all sectors of the fine art, antiques and collectors market, with several of its departments established world leaders within their specialist category.
• BRUUN RASMUSSEN AUCTIONEERS - One of Denmark’s oldest auction houses and among the largest in Scandinavia. It was established in 1948.
• BUKOWSKIS - "In 1870 Henryk Bukowski founded the auction house Bukowskis in Stockholm. For 150 years, Bukowskis has been offering Fine Art auctions to sellers and buyers around the world. By providing excellent results year after year, Bukowskis continue to strengthen the position as the leading auction house in Scandinavia." On the Bukowskis website, quality auctions take place around the clock, and all auctions are available in Bukowskis' digital app.

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• C & T Auctions - "Consistently Achieving Higher Prices at Auction." Specialist Auctioneers of Vintage Toys & Militaria. Kent, England, U.K.
• China Guardian Auctions - established in 1993, it focused primarily on the Mainland Chinese market until it decided to expand to Hong Kong in 2012. The Chinese artwork regularly sold by China Guardian includes Chinese paintings, calligraphy, porcelain, furniture, sculptures, rare books, rubbings, jewellery and watches. Approximately 60% of China Guardian's sales are in the categories of ink painting and calligraphy.
• CHRISTIE'S - founded in 1766. International fine arts, antiques, jewelry auctioneers.
• COLLECT SPACE - the source for space history and artifacts. Space history, space memorabilia, and space collectibles.
• COMIC CONNECT - "The Online Marketplace for Buyers & Sellers!"
• CORINPHILA - "Tradition and Experience in Classic Philately since 1925."

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• DAVID FELDMAN PHILATELISTS AUCTIONEERS - Geneva, Switzerland. "Your reliable partner over 40 years."
• DEUTSCHER-MENZIES FINE ART AUCTION HOUSE
• Dix Noonan Webb | DNW - established in 1990. UK's leading specialist auctioneers and valuers of coins, tokens, medals, militaria and paper money of all types.
• DOROTHEUM - founded in 1707. Vienna, Austria. International auctioneers.
• DOYLE NEW YORK - auctioneers & appraisers.
• DROUOT - Paris, France. Founded in 1852. Hôtel Drouot is a large auction house in Paris, known for fine art, antiques, and antiquities. It consists of 16 halls hosting 70 independent auction firms, which operate under the umbrella grouping of Drouot.

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• eBAY - since 1995. An online auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide. The website is free to use for buyers, but sellers are charged fees for listing items after a limited number of free listings, and an additional or separate fee when those items are sold.
• EBTH: Everything But The House - since 2007. "Marketplace For The Uncommon. Securely discover and bid on our unique collection of items. Everything starts at $1. Professional Processing."

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• FAME BUREAU - "The Fame Bureau is the world's premier auction house for rock and film memorabilia." Mayfair, London, U.K.
• Fellows & Sons - "Jewellery & Watch Auctioneers of Distinction." Founded in Birmingham in 1876, Fellows are a family-run firm of auctioneers and valuers. We hold more than 100 sales a year with specialist watch and jewellery auctions becoming increasingly popular.
• FREEMAN'S - auctioneers & appraisers since 1805. Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.

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• GARDINER HOULGATE - "The Bath Auction Rooms." Corsham, Wiltshire, U.K.
• GASTON & SHEEHAN AUCTIONEERS - Pflugerville, TX, U.S.A. sells all the jewelry, art, antiques, gold, silver and collectibles seized and forfeited nationally for the U.S. Marshals Service.
• GOODING & COMPANY (PEBBLE BEACH AUCTIONS) - "Quality is our Style." Automotive auction house based in Santa Monica, CA, U.S.A.
• GOTTA HAVE ROCK AND ROLL - "The Rock & Roll Pop Culture Auction." Since 2008 online auction site devoted to rock and roll and pop art. 153 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022, U.S.A.
• Gros et Delettrez - "Ventes aux enchères." Retrouvez toute l'actualité de la maison de vente Gros et Delettrez: prochaines ventes, résultats des ventes passées, actualités, guide pratique. 22 Rue Drouot, 75009 Paris, France.
• GSA Auctions | General Services Administration - since 1949. Government site for auctions. "U.S. government offers the general public the opportunity to bid electronically on a wide array of federal assets."
• GUERNSEY'S - Auctioneers & Brokers Since 1975. "The Unique at Auction. For three decades Guernsey's has built a reputation as an auction house known for the presentation of extraordinary properties. From the largest auction in history (the contents of the ocean liner S.S. United States) to vintage racing cars on to pre-Castro Cuban cigars and the $3 million McGwire baseball, we have few rivals when it comes to the presentation of wildly diverse art and artifacts." 108 East 73rd Street, New York, NY, U.S.A.

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• H & H - Warrington, Cheshire, U.K. Auctioneers of fine historic motor cars, motorcycles, bicycles & automobilia.
• H.R. HARMER - "Fine Stamp Auctions, Since 1940."
• HEINRICH KÖHLER - founded 1913. Germany's oldest stamp auction house.
• Hemmings - "World’s Largest Collector Car Marketplace." The bible of the collector car hobby: We've been around since 1954, and if you can't find it in Hemmings, it probably doesn't exist!
• HENRY ALDRIDGE & SON - Wiltshire, England. "The Devizes Auctioneers." The leading auctioneers of Titanic memorabilia in the World.
• HERITAGE AUCTIONS - since 1976. "The World's Third Largest Auction House." Heritage is an auctioneer of numismatic collections, comics, fine art, books, luxury accessories, real estate, and memorabilia from film, music, history, and sports. Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.
• Hermann Historica - since 1960. "Come face to face with history." Arms and Armour - Antiquities - Antique and Modern Firearms - Orders and Decorations - Historical and Military Collectibles. Linprunstraße 16, Munich, Germany.
• Hindman Auctions & Private Sales - founded in 1982. Specializing in fine furniture and decorative arts; fine art; fine books and manuscripts; fine jewelry and timepieces; and vintage couture and accessories.
• HÔtel Drouot - since 1852. Large auction place in Paris, known for fine art, antiques, and antiquities. It consists of 16 halls hosting 70 independent auction firms, which operate under the umbrella grouping of Drouot.

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• Im Kinsky - since 2000. "An auction often gives rise to dramatic headlines, with stories of record prices fascinating not just collectors, auctioneers and buyers, but the wider public as well. The im Kinsky auction house currently holds 27 world records and in the almost 90 auctions im Kinsky has set records on Austrian art market, as well as offering a range of prestigious services. The auction house specialized in Austrian art, in particular modern and contemporary art, though it also deals with the Art Nouveau, antiques, Asian, Old Masters and 19th Century paintings." Vienna, Austria.
• Ineichen Auctioneers - "Ineichen Auctioneers have been selling watches and jewellery ever since its founding in 1973, delighting collectors and experts alike with exquisite and delicate objects from all eras of watchmaking and goldsmithery." Stadthausquai 11-13, Zurich, Switzerland.
• INTERNATIONAL AUCTIONEERS - eight independent auction houses working together, around the world.
• INTERNATIONAL AUTOGRAPH AUCTIONS - Britain’s leading specialist auctioneers of autograph letters, signed photographs and historical documents.
• Invaluable.com - "The World's Premier Online Auctions" Bid online in live auctions from all over the world. Browse fine and decorative art, antiques, estate jewelry, coins and stamps, collectibles, and more!

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• JACK-PHILIPPE RUELLAN - Vannes, France.
• JAMES LIST - since 2008. "The World's Largest Luxury marketplace." Featuring more than 65,000 private jets, yachts, exotic cars, exclusive watches and luxury homes from more than 1,200 trusted dealers around the world. JamesList helps you find the best of the best, whether you are in the market to buy or to find the perfect private jet or luxury yacht to charter.
• JOHN BULL STAMP AUCTIONS - since 1977. Hong Kong.
• JOHN TAYLORS ESTATE AGENTS AND AUCTIONEERS - Louth and Market Rasen, England.
• JULIEN'S AUCTIONS - since 2003. "The Auction House to The Stars." Entertainment memorabilia; Hollywood memoralia; Rock memoralia & Beatles. 13007 South Western Avenue, Gardena, California 90249, U.S.A.

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• KERRY TAYLOR AUCTIONS - since 2003. "Kerry Taylor Auctions is the world’s leading auction house specialising in exceptional fashion (both vintage and contemporary), fine antique costume, European, Asian and Islamic textiles. Our name is internationally synonymous with excellence, unparalleled expertise and extraordinary, record-breaking sales. We are based in Bermondsey, London, close to the White Cube gallery and the London Fashion & Textile Museum."
• KEYS FINE ART AUCTIONEERS - since 1953. "Keys is recognised a a 'top-tier' (Antiques Trade Gazette) provincial Auction House, and attracts sellers and buyers from all parts of the UK and further afield. Over the past 65 years, Keys has developed into one of the UK’s leading provincial Auction Houses, with a reputation which stretches far beyond its East Anglian origins, and now holds a regular programme of around 150 Fine Art, Antique, General, Commercial and Specialist sales covering the whole auction spectrum. Still operating from the same five-acre saleground in Aylsham, Norfolk, as it did in 1953, Keys has a locally-unrivalled team of experts who are able to compete on a national as well as local level." Off Palmer's Ln, Aylsham, Norwich, United Kingdom.
• KOLLER - "Our auction house celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2018. Founded in 1958 by Pierre Koller, Koller Auctions is now the largest Swiss auction house and one of the leading auction houses in Europe. We employ 70 people at our headquarters in Zurich and in our branches and representative offices in Geneva, Munich, Düsseldorf, Genoa and Beijing. The artworks entrusted to us are appraised by our experts on the basis of thorough research and years of experience, and their age, authorship and provenance are determined in collaboration with leading experts worldwide. We guarantee the accuracy of this information in our auction catalogues, to both consignors and purchasers."

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• LCG Auctions - since 2021. "Premium Auction House." LCG Auctions is the nation’s premier auction house specializing in professionally graded toys and collectibles.
• LEMPERTZ - founded 1845. "One of the leading auction houses in Europe and the eldest in family posession." Cologne, Germany. International auctioneers.
• LiveAuctioneers - since 2002. "Bid in Online Auctions." Brings an international audience of millions to the heart of the bidding action in art, antiques, jewelry and collectibles auctions across the globe. With fascinating objects up for bid in 47 countries—instantly translated to your language and currency—LiveAuctioneers is a worldwide marketplace with treasures waiting to be discovered, whether you're an avid collector or a first-time visitor.
• LOS ANGELES MODERN AUCTIONS - since 1992. Van Nuys, CA, U.S.A. Specializes in selling 20th century Modern Art & Design.
• Lyon & Turnbull - since 1826. "Fine Art, Antique & Jewellery Auctions." Specialist fine art, antique & jewellery auctions and valuations, based in Edinburgh with locations in Glasgow and London.

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• MACDOUGALL'S - London, England. Specialists in Russian art.
• MAYO AUCTION & REALTY - Missouri and Kansas auctions, U.S.A.
• MECUM AUCTIONS - "The world leader in live auctions of collector cars, classic cars, corvettes, hot rods, street rods and muscle cars." Collector cars, road art and celebrity memorabilia.
• MCTEAR'S AUCTIONEERS - since 1842. Glasgow, Scotland.
• MONACO LEGEND GROUP - since 2015. "Monaco Legend Group is an auction house located in the Principality of Monaco which devotes to the sales of rare and collectable watches as well as jewelry."
• MORRELL & COMPANY FINE WINE AUCTIONS
• MULLOCK'S - Church Stretton, Shropshire, England. Europe's premier auction house specialising in sporting collectibles, fishing memorabilia, historical documents and ephemera.

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• NATE D. SANDERS AUCTIONS - since 1986. Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A. "Fine Autographs & Memorabilia." Historical Documents, Rare Books, Signed Letters, Autographed Photos, Original Art and Signed Prints, Coins, Sports Jerseys and Signed Balls and Entertainment Costumes and Memorabilia.

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• OLD WEST SHOW & AUCTION - Denver, CO, U.S.A. Western art, antiques & collectibles.
• OMEGA AUCTIONS - since 2010. Sale, Cheshire, U.K. "Omega Auctions are proud to be one of the top auction houses worldwide for music memorabilia and vinyl records. We are passionate about what we do and whether you are looking to buy or sell, we are always happy to advise."
• Only Watch Charity Auction - world-renowned charitable fundraiser for research on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, held every two years since 2005.
• Osenat - since 1816. Auction House for fine art and antiques. Fontainebleau, Paris, France.

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• Paddle8 - "Art and Design Auctions | The auction house for the 21st-century collector." Marketplace for collectors, presenting auctions of extraordinary art and objects.
• Patrizzi & Co Auctioneers - since 2008. "Revolutionizing the world of auctioneering." The innovative concept of Patrizzi & Co Auctioneers uses today’s e-based solutions and new IT technologies, while at the same time, keeping the characteristics of more traditional auction methods. It has been designed to improve certain shortcomings frequently associated with online auctions and online bidding during classic auction sales. Patrizzi & Co Auctioneers is headquartered in Geneva with offices in New York, Milan and Hong Kong. Nine to ten auctions are planned annually between Geneva, New York and Hong Kong.
• PFC AUCTIONS - Guernsey, Channel Islands. Boutique online auction business specialising in world class Art, Antiques and Collectibles.
• PHILLIPS - founded in London in 1796, with current headquarters in New York City. "International auction house synonymous with modern and contemporary art, design and culture."
• PIASA - Paris, France.
• PIERRE BERGÉ ASSOCIATES - "In 2002, Pierre Bergé opened Pierre Bergé & Associés, his own auction house in Paris. All kinds of art objects are sold there, including paintings, orfevrerie, and wines. It was so successeful that it opened a branch in Brussels in 2006. In 2016, Pierre Bergé & Associés ranked fourth among the top ten auction houses."
• PORRO & C. ART CONSULTING - Milan, Italy. International auctioneers.
• PROFILES IN HISTORY - since 1985. "Profiles in History is the nation's leading dealer in authentic original Hollywood Memorabilia, historical autographs, letters, documents, vintage signed photographs and manuscripts." 26662 Agoura Rd., Calabasas, CA 91302, U.S.A.
• Prop Store - since 1998. "Ultimate Movie Collectables." Treasures from the world of film & Television. Entertainment memorabilia. Live auctions.

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• RAAB COLLECTION - since 1989. "Autograph Dealers Raab Collection Specializes in Buying and Selling Rare Historical Documents and Autographs."
• Reeman Dansie - since 1881. "Over the last 140 years, Reeman Dansie has grown from a small regional auction house with a local audience to one with a global outlook and international reputation. We have continued to build upon our established reputation to become one of the most highly regarded provincial auctioneers and valuers in the UK today."
• RM Sotheby's - since 1979. "RM Sotheby's is the global leader in the collector car auction industry. Our specialized services include auctions, restoration, appraisals, collection advice, private treaties, and estate sales. We offer the world´s finest cars to the most discerning collectors from around the globe."
• Rockhurst Auctions - "Rockhurst was started with the purpose of creating the absolute finest marketplace for fine collectibles. With more than 20 years in the auction business, and after presenting more than 120 auctions across several major auction firms in at least a half dozen states, owner Jeff Marren envisioned a company combining the very best of every innovation he brought to the industry."
• RoGallery Auctions - since 1982. "Bid and Win Fine Art at Auction." Online auction site where you can bid online in both Live & Timed Auctions.
• Roma Numismatics - since 2008. "Dealers and auctioneers of fine and rare ancient and modern coins. Roma Numismatics Ltd was founded in 2008 and has rapidly risen to become one of world's foremost auction houses for rare and collectable coins, possessing industry-leading expertise in the appraisal, cataloguing and sale of ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins."
• RR Auction - since 1976. "Headquartered in Boston, RR Auction is a globally recognized and trusted source for rare documents, manuscripts, autographs, and historic artifacts. Founded in 1976, RR has achieved countless record-setting prices in more than 533 successful sales, including: astronaut Dave Scott’s Apollo 15 Lunar Surface Chronograph watch, which sold for $1.625 million; President Kennedy’s reporter diary from 1945, for $718,750; author Mario Puzo’s extensive archive relating to his novel 'The Godfather,' for $625,000;an original Apple-1 computer, garnering $325,000;author Truman Capote’s hand-notated manuscript for 'Breakfast at Tiffany’s', for over $300,000; and a pair of Bonnie and Clyde’s guns for over $500,000. Internationally known and frequently featured in all media outlets, RR Auction prides itself on selling historic material, thoroughly examined by in-house experts and third-party authenticators, to ensure the highest standards of authenticity. With more than 40 years of auction experience, RR Auction continues to grow and expand into new categories, achieving record prices for clients around the world."

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• Silverstone Auctions - Silverstone House, Kineton Rd, Gaydon, U.K. "Auctioneers & Valuers of Classic Cars, Modern Cars, Racing Cars, Rally Cars, Motorcycles and associated memorabilia."
• Sofe Design Auction - "Sofe Design Auctions currently accepting consignments for our monthly Auctions. We are looking for quality fine art, American and European decorative arts, Asian works of art, fine jewelry and timepieces."
• SOTHEBY'S - established 1744. The world's fourth oldest auction house in continuous operation, with 80 locations in 40 countries, founded in 1744.
• SOTHEBY'S DIAMONDS - since 1744. "A Marriage of Jewellery and Art." A spectacular array of diamonds is available at Sotheby’s throughout the year: In our global live and online auctions, diamonds appear in extraordinary jewels dating from the 19th century to the present day by the world’s most celebrated designers and jewelry houses. In the Loose Diamonds online auctions, unmounted stones in every cut and color allow the buyer to create bespoke jewels to their own specifications. And Sotheby’s Diamonds presents a contemporary collection of modern masterpieces, available for immediate purchase.
• SOTHEBY'S GENEVA - jewellery, watches, and other collectibles auctions.
• SPECTRUM WINE AUCTIONS - "Launched in 2009, Spectrum Wine Auctions is the world’s newest live and online auction house of fine collectible wine."
• Spink & Son - "Spink and Son Ltd was founded in London in 1666 and has since developed into the world's premier collectables auction house. It specialises in the auctioning and private sales of stamps, coins, banknotes, medals, bonds & shares, autographs, books, wine & spirits and lifestyle collectables."
• STACK'S BOWERS - "America's Oldest Rare Coin Auctioneer & Dealer | Bringing You the World's Most Prominent Collections and Rarities | Online Rare Coins & Currency Auctions." Founded in New York in 1933, and established in our present location since 1953, our flagship store in Midtown Manhattan has been the headquarters to numerous numismatists, from beginners to legendary figures. As America's oldest rare coin auction house, Stack's Bowers Galleries has auctioned many of the rarest coins and most valuable collections ever assembled. Now, nearly ninety years after we held our first coin auction, our tradition of success carries forward into the 21st century as we continue to realize top market prices for rare coins and currency for collectors around the world. Our knowledgeable staff offers unsurpassed expertise in all areas of numismatics, as well as commitment to excellent personal service.
• STOCKHOLMS AUKTIONSVERK - the world's oldest auction house in continuous operation, founded in 1674. Stockholm, Sweden.
• Summers Place Auctions - since 2008. "Summers Place Auctions are the world's leading auctioneers of Garden Statuary and Natural History." Summers Place Auctions is the world’s leading auctioneers of Garden Statuary and Natural History. Our first sale was held over 30 years ago as part of Sotheby’s Country House salesroom at Summers Place in Sussex. Over time the sales have flourished, establishing a global reputation.
• SWANN AUCTION GALLERIES - "Swann was founded in 1941 as an auction house specializing in Rare and Antiquarian Books and is now the largest specialist auctioneer of Works on Paper in the world. Swann conducts approximately 40 sales a year, with departments devoted to Books, Autographs, Maps & Atlases, Photographs & Photobooks, Prints & Drawings, Vintage Posters, African American Art, Modern & Post-War Art and Illustration Art. On March 27, 2022, Swann celebrated 80 years of auctions."

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• TAJAN - Paris, France. Leading French Auction House, specialized in fine art, antiques and collectables.
• TARISIO - founded in 1999 is an internet-based auction house dedicated to fine stringed instruments and bows.
• TATTERSALLS - "Europe's Leading Bloodstock Auctioneer." Founded in 1766 by Richard Tattersall, Tattersalls is the oldest bloodstock auctioneers in the world and the largest in Europe. Today, Tattersalls is an international firm offering 10,000 thoroughbred horses each year at 15 sales at either its Newmarket headquarters in England, or at Fairyhouse outside Dublin, in Ireland.
• TELETRADE - coins & currency auctions.
• THE FAME BUREAU - "The Fame Bureau is the world's premier auction house for rock and film memorabilia." Mayfair, London, U.K.
• The Potomack Company Auctioneers - Alexandria, VA, U.S.A.
• THE ROCK & ROLL POP ART AUCTION - the ultimate destination for fully authenticated sports, entertainment, rock'n'roll and historical memorabilia.
• THE-SALEROOM.COM - "Bid online at real auctions." Search through 1000s of auction catalogues. Watch & listen to auctions from your own home. Buy online at established auctioneers around the world.

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• W.A. BOLIN - established 1791. One of Northern Europe’s leading auctions for quality jewellery, silver objects and precious ornaments.
• Wannenes Art Auctions - "Wannenes is an Italian auction house founded in 2001 with headquarters in Genoa." Wannenes auctions offer a unique selling opportunity for those with valuable items. An exceptional team of experts and an attentive Customer Service will guide and advise you through all stages of valuation, acquisition of the consignment and the final sale. With four offices in Milan, Genoa, Rome and Monte Carlo, and a choice of live, web-only and private sales, we are able to meet your needs and achieve maximum results.
• Watches of Knightsbridge | WoK - since 2011. "Originating from the antiques quarter of Portobello Road over 50 years ago, the family business has grown and evolved to find its niche in the watch industry - specialising in fine, rare & collectable timepieces. Watches of Knightsbridge have a specialist knowledge & experience in the industry, led by father & son, Simon & Toby Sutton. Their knowledge & passion enables them to source timepieces & give advice to individuals & collectors from all over the world. 'WoK' auctions are conducted in a traditional way by auctioneer Edward Rising alongside live internet & telephone bidding."
• Weschler's Auctioneers & Appraisers - since 1890. "Weschler's has served the DC Metro Area as auctioneers and appraisers since 1890 and is now owned by the fourth & fifth generation family members."
• WILFORDS AUCTIONS - Wellingborough, Northants, Northamptonshire, England. Founded in 1934.
• WINEBID.COM - the largest Internet auction for fine and rare wines.
• WYLES HARDY & CO - England. since 2010. Leading independent firms of consultant machinery and business asset valuers and auctioneers.

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• ZACHYS WINE AUCTIONS - since 1994.
• Zisska & Schauer - since 1893. Munich, Germany. International specialists in rare antiquarian books and prints.